Crabgrass Management: Homeowner Options
Crabgrass is a summer annual weed and one of the most pernicious weeds in a home lawn. Smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) are common in New England. Crabgrass germinates in the spring, grows throughout the summer, flowers in late summer and produces seed before dying with the onset of cooler weather.
Cultural practices are a very important component of an effective weed management program for lawn weeds, including crabgrass. Good cultural practices can result in a healthier, denser turf, which in turn increases its overall competitive nature and decreases the severity of crabgrass infestations. Some crabgrass infestations can be significantly reduced or possibly eliminated with the use of appropriate and well-timed cultural practices.
Crabgrass and many other annual weeds require light for germination and establishment. Therefore, increasing the mowing height will decrease in the amount of light reaching the soil surface and can reduce the amount of crabgrass. This is particularly important in the spring and early summer during the peak germination period of annual grassy weed seeds.
Fertility, as with mowing height, can play a major role in the reduction of the amount of light that penetrates the turf canopy and reaches the soil surface. Fertilization programs should supply adequate and balanced nutrition to yield a dense lawn. High levels of fertility should be avoided during the summer months when cool-season turfgrasses are less competitive. If heavy summer weed pressure has thinned the turf, an application of fertilizer in late summer or early fall will support the recovery of the lawn. Fertilization after herbicide applications can aid in filling voids in the turf canopy left by dying weeds.
Irrigation is another important cultural practice that can play a role in crabgrass management. Crabgrass and many other summer annual weeds are warm-season species. Warm-season species are capable of withstanding hot and dry summer weather. Turfgrass species widely used in New England are cool-season species and, without adequate moisture from rainfall or irrigation, become dormant during the summer. During periods when cool-season turf growth has slowed or ceased as a result of low soil moisture and high temperatures, warm-season annual weeds become very competitive in an otherwise healthy, dense lawn. In the absence of summer rainfall, irrigation can be applied to maintain turf growth and prevent summer dormancy of cool-season lawn grasses. Special attention should be focused on drought prone areas including elevated areas, south and southwest facing slopes and areas adjacent to hardscapes (sidewalks and driveways).
From time to time it may become necessary to reseed or renovate a lawn area. Complete lawn renovation carried
out in the spring and early summer without the use of a preemergence herbicide fails more often than not due to the pressure from crabgrass and other annual weeds. Summer annual weed pressure is minimal when turf renovation and establishment is initiated in the late summer and early fall. Warm-season annual weeds that germinate in new seedings at this time of the year seldom reach a size that deters establishment and die with the onset of cold weather. When planning a lawn renovation, choose turfgrass species and cultivars that are best suited for site conditions and turf use. Aggressive cultivars should be considered. Encourage rapid establishment by providing adequate fertility at seeding. Maintain good soil moisture during the germination and early establishment period. Over-seeding can be a valuable tool in restoring sites where turf thinning has resulted from insufficient annual weed control. Openings in the turf as a result of insect damage, disease and excessive wear are prone to weed encroachment. Over-seeding should be used to repair this damage and regain turf density.
Cultural practices alone will seldom control crabgrass completely; consequently, there are frequently times when an application of an herbicide is warranted. The use of an herbicide should not be considered until the previously mentioned cultural practices are implemented as part of a crabgrass management program.
Premergence herbicides, sometimes called crabgrass preventers, are applied in early spring. Applications should be completed before Forsythia flowers drop (usually by late April or early May in most areas of Massachusetts). Preemergence herbicides are available to the home gardener at garden retailers, home centers and farm stores. They are most commonly formulated as an herbicide with a lawn fertilizer. Some common herbicide trade names and corresponding herbicides include Dimension (dithiopyr), Barricade (prodiamine), Halts (pendimethalin) and Team (benefin+trifluralin). Reseeding and/or renovation cannot be done for three to four months after application of these products. When attempting to control crabgrass in a spring lawn seeding, the herbicide siduron (Tupersan) can be found formulated with a starter fertilizer. All preemergence herbicide products need to be watered-in with rainfall or irrigation to be activated.
Postemergence herbicides are used after crabgrass has germinated and has become established in a home lawn. There are few good options for the home gardener due to the ineffectiveness and/or cost of available products. It is suggested that a home gardener should therefore not rely on postemergence products and focus their effort instead on the preemergence strategies outlined above. Postemergence crabgrass products that contain the herbicide quinclorac can be used to spot-treat crabgrass plants that have escaped the preemergence herbicide.
Corn gluten meal - Corn gluten meal is a by-product of the wet-milling of corn in the production of corn starch and corn syrup. Because of its high protein content (about 60% by weight), its historic use has been as an animal feed. Its associated nitrogen concentration of about 9 to 10% N also makes it a fertilizer. The carrier of the nitrogen is the proteinaceous fraction of the corn grain; several dipeptides in this fraction comprise the active ingredient that imparts some of its preemergence herbicidal activity by inhibiting root growth at germination.
Research suggests that the herbicidal activity is greater in dry environments than in areas where soil moisture for plant growth is adequate. Product application rates for turf are 10 to 20 lbs per 1000 sq. ft. of corn gluten meal applied twice a year, with one product suggesting two applications of 75 lbs per 1000 sq. ft. The 75 lb per 1000 sq. ft. rate would deliver 13.5 to 15 lbs of nitrogen per 1000 sq. ft. and be a rate that would be considered environmentally irresponsible. Some studies report crabgrass control ranging from 50 to 60% the first year and as much as 90% control after three consecutive years of use.
It is often disputed as to whether the control achieved with corn gluten meal is associated with the inhibitory characteristics of the compound or simply the competitive nature of a well-fertilized turf. An experiment conducted at the University of Massachusetts evaluated corn gluten meal applied at two labeled rates and equal amounts of nitrogen from three organic and three synthetic turf fertilizers over a three-year period. Corn gluten meal and each of the six fertilizer treatments provided good control of crabgrass compared to no fertilization treatment in the experiment, suggesting that the efficacy from corn gluten is associated mainly with the nitrogen that it supplies to the turf. Corn gluten products are much more expensive than traditional preemergence herbicides and can be cost prohibitive when large areas are treated. Corn gluten is considered to be an organic control option.
